Homework / Assignment Help in Zoology Upto College / Graduate Level

 

Zoology or Life Sciences is a broad classification that includes all sciences related to living organisms and their environment. As you delve deeper into the science of life, you would come across mysteries such as Molecular Evolution and Genetic Drift that have puzzled scientists for centuries. Homework Assignment Help in Zoology offered through e-mail, is the best way to find more about a particular concept in detail.

 

Homework Help and Assignment Help in Biology Upto College / Graduate Level

 

Biology or Life Sciences is a broad classification that includes all sciences related to living organisms and their environment. As you delve deeper into the science of life, you would come across mysteries such as Molecular Evolution and Genetic Drift that have puzzled scientists for centuries. Homework Assignment Help in Biology offered through e-mail, is the best way to find more about a particular concept in detail.

 

Homework Help in Biology is the best way to learn more about the given topic. It offers you crisp information in an easy-to-understand language and in a manner that is even easier to explain or present in a class. All you have to do is to send in an e-mail and you will get the help you need with your particular homework assignment or project, such as references to related works, a readymade report, solutions to your queries with diagrams and images included, and side remarks to help you understand the process of completing the assigned Biology homework.

 

Chordata

  • Chordata name given by Balfour.
  • Herst put hemichordata into separate phylum.
  • Lamarck gave the word tunicata & vertebrata.
  • Pisces classified by Romer.
  • Amphibia classified by G.K. Noble.
  • There are 65,000 species of chordata.
  • Pisces is largest class, having 33,000 species.
  • Amphibia is smallest class having 2500 species.

CHARACTERS of chordata –

  • Total animals are 3–5% of animal kingdom.
  • Notochord or chorda dorsalis present in any stage of life cycle.
  • Gill slits present in any stage of life cycle.
  • Nervous system is dorsal, single & hollow.
  • Post anal tail present.
  • Mouth after first segment.
  • Anus before last segment.
  • Liver is present.
  • Heart is ventrally placed.
  • Flow of blood on dorsal side, anterior to posterior.
  • Flow of blood on ventral side, posterior to anteriror.
  • R.B.C. present.
  • Circulatory system closed.
  • Alimentary canal is placed ventral to nerve cord.
  • Symmetry bilateral.
  • Organ system grade.
  • Triploblastic animals.
  • True coelomate.
  • Enterocoelic.
  • Unisexual.
  • Sexual reproduction present.
  • Larvae generally absent.
  • Power of regeneration less.
  • Cold blooded / warm blooded.
  • Portal system present.

Chordata is divided into 2 parts –

1. Protochordata               2. Vertebrata

We cover the following Topics in Chordata:

 

Chordata is divided into 2 parts –

1. Protochordata               2. Vertebrata

S. No.

Character

Protochordata

Vertebrata

1

No to chord or chorda

dorsalis

Present in original

form

Converted into

vertebral column & cranium

2

Habital

Marine

All habitas

3

Feeding

Cilliary

Maybe

4

Evolution

Early

Late

5

Size

Small

Large

6

Endostyle

Present

Thyroid gland

present

Non – Chordata

Animals are studied in the branch Zoology. Father of Biology, Zoology & Embryology is Aristotle. There are 12,00000 species of animals present in world. Every year new 10,000 species of animals are added. These animals show different habit & habitats. Some are ­– Free living, Commensal, Symbiotic, Parasitic, Predators. Some common habitats are –

 

Terestrial      – On land                       Fossorial    – Burrowing

Scansorial    – Climb on wall. Fresh water – In normal water

Marine          – In Sea      Benthic      – Attached to bottom.

Pelagic         – On surface         Lentic         – In running water

Lotic             – In standing water        Arboreal     – On trees               Aerial                – Flying  Oceanic or Abysal– In deep sea

Littoral         – In intertidal zone

Planktonic   – Inactively floating on surface

Nektonic      – Actively floating on surface

Scientist divided animals in to groups or categories on the basis of similarties and dissimilarities of characters. It are known as classification.So in classification groups are formed. These groups are texa (singular – texon). Texon word was given by Meyer. These texa are – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species. Few words as supra, sub & infra are used to increase number of texa.

Largest taxon is Kingdom. Smallest taxon is Species. Unit of classification is species. Classification is studied in taxonomy. Taxonomy word given by De Candelle. Taxonomy includes identification, nomenclature & classification of individual.

We cover the following Topics in Non Chordates:

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

In a triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B, and C and the lengths of the sides opposite to these angles are denoted by small letters a, b, and c respectively. Semi-perimeter of the triangle is written as s = a+b+c/2, and its area denoted by S or .

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

•     Sine rule: sinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c = 1/2R, where R is the radius of the circumcircle of the ABC.

•     Cosine rule: cosA = b2+c2–a2/2bc, cosB = a2+c2–b2/2ac, cos = a2+b2–c2/2ab

•     Projection rule: a = b cosC + c cosB, b = c cosA + a cosC, c = a cosB + b cosA.

•     Napier’s analogy: tan B–C/2 = b–c/b+c cot A/2, tan C–A/2 = c–a/c+a cot B/2, tan A–B/2 = a–b/a+b.cot C/2.

 

We cover the following Topics in Laws of Triangle:

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We cover the following Topics in Ionic Equilibrium:

We cover the following Topics in Permutation and Combination:

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STRAIGHT LINE

EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE

Any equation of first degree of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, c, are constants always represents a straight line (at least one out of a and b is non-zero).

Slope or gradient of a line:

If q is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of x-axis, then tanq is called the slope or gradient of the line, where 0 £ q < 180° (q ¹ 90°).

Note: (i) If a line is parallel to x-axis, then its slope is equal to tan0° = 0.

(ii) Slope of a line perpendicular to x-axis is not defined. Whenever we say that the slope of a line is not defined, we mean that the line is perpendicular to x-axis.

We cover the following Topics in Straight Line:

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An equilibrium state in a chemical reaction in which at least one ionic species is produced, consumed, or changed from one medium to another.

Ostwald dilution law states that a dynamic equilibrium exists between ions and unionised molecules of the electrolyte in solution and hence law of mass action can be applied to this.

We will study different concepts of acids and bases. Three important concepts are: Arrhenius concept, Bronsted-Lowry concept and Lewis concept.

Different reactions between acids and bases like strong acids and weak base, strong acid strong base, weak acid and weak base and weak acid and strong base respectively.

 

We cover the following Topics in Ionic Equilibrium:

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